The film was made by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, two French brothers who developed a camera-projector called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere brothers unveiled their invention South Vietnamese troops retake Binh Gia in a costly battle.
The Viet Cong launched a major offensive on December 4 and took the village of Binh Gia, 40 miles southeast of Saigon. The South Vietnamese forces recaptured the village, but only after an eight-hour battle and three Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. He attended private schools and graduated from Princeton University in before studying law at the University of Virginia and earning his Ph.
He was hired by Thomas Paine is arrested in France for treason. Though the charges against him were never detailed, he had been tried in absentia on December 26 and convicted.
The book was the first of the three-volume work. The brutal and uncompromising description of She was 52 years old. Later that year, U. With international cohesion on the issues of protecting wildlife at its peak during the conference, it was the perfect time fore Nixon to expand the law to protect more domestic species in compliment with the sweeping protections of international species already in place.
CITES also influenced lawmakers to include key parts of the domestic legislation, like providing funding for land acquisition for foreign species and implementing CITES protection in the United States, which means that the law protects not only American plants and animals but also wildlife from around the world.
For example, if someone killed a snow leopard abroad and tried to sell the pelt in the U. Since its implementation, the Endangered Species Act of has garnered both praise and controversy.
Some believe it has stymied U. Norm Dicks, a former U. Contact us at letters time. An endangered snow leopard kitten at the Los Angeles Zoo on Sept. By Gabby Raymond. Get our History Newsletter. Put today's news in context and see highlights from the archives. Please enter a valid email address. Please attempt to sign up again. Sign Up Now. The law is implemented by the U. In a message to Congress on February 8, , President Richard Nixon R outlined his environmental policy proposals and requested that Congress pass "a stronger law to protect endangered species of wildlife.
Nixon made the following remarks: [6]. Harrison A. Senate on June 12, The Senate unanimously approved the bill on July 24, House approved its version of the bill on September 18, , by a vote. A joint conference committee was convened to reconcile the Senate and House versions of the bill. The conference committee reported the bill on December 19, On the same day, the House and Senate approved the legislation. On July 27, , U. Leonor K. Sullivan D , who was then-chairwoman of the now defunct House Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, spoke in favor of the bill after the legislation had been referred to the subcommittee following the Senate's approval.
Sullivan made the following remarks: [9]. The legislation's authors included legislative attorneys and scientists as well as the first head of the White House Office of Environmental Quality, Russell Train.
Congress' amendments to the Endangered Species Act ESA in permitted federal agencies to take actions that may harm or jeopardize a listed species if their actions are approved by a federal committee. The federal committee is permitted to review all federal conservation plans for their economic costs and to exempt certain projects from ESA regulation.
The amendment was prompted by the Tellico Dam project in Tennessee. The dam project was halted by the U. Supreme Court after the discovery of an endangered fish species known as the snail darter.
The dam had previously received federal funding from Congress. Congress also mandated that the U. Fish and Wildlife Service must designate any protected critical habitat at the same time it decides to list a species as endangered. When designating land as a species's habitat, the service must take into account economic and other relevant impacts.
The amendment required the U. Department of Agriculture to develop programs for species conservation on its land; the Agriculture Department received land acquisition authority similar to the Interior , Commerce , and Defense Departments, which received land acquisition authority in previous legislation. Congress prohibited the removal of endangered plants from federal land in The amendment also made further changes for how species are listed.
When it decides to assign a status to a listed species, the U. Fish and Wildlife Service must consider only biological and trade information regardless of potential economic or other impacts.
The service must also determine a species's status no later than one year after the species has been proposed for listing unless the listing proposal is withdrawn for specific reasons. Before the amendment, the service had two years to determine a species's listing status. The amendment also permitted the federal government to call some listed species "experimental populations. They do not receive full ESA protection. Members of a species are taken by the government to be bred separately from other populations.
As it grows, the captive population is then reintroduced into the wild. This experimental population is reintroduced throughout the species' historical range, which is the geographic area the species has been known to inhabit in the past. All experimental populations are labeled as threatened species A "threatened" species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.
Some experimental populations are "nonessential" to the species's survival, which means they can go extinct without pushing the species into further decline. The amendment also introduced habitat conservation plans and "incidental take" permits. The ESA penalizes most human activity with respect to listed animal species. To avoid penalties, an individual can apply for an "incidental take" permit, which allows someone to engage in otherwise unlawful activity around a listed animal, such as land modification, that may end up harming a member of that species.
To receive this permit, an individual must also submit a "habitat conservation plan" containing information about the relevant and predicted effects of the individual's activities, how these effects will be "minimized" or "mitigated," and how the plan will be financed. In , Congress required the U.
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