In this module, we introduce the idea of traction and how it is affected by adverse roadway conditions. Later, our section on natural forces and the science of driving will explore traction in more detail. For now, all you need to know is that traction is only possible when your tires can push against the road without slipping. This can be a problem when the road surface is slick due to water, ice, snow, mud, wet leaves, chemicals or another slippery substance.
There is no single factor that determines how well your vehicle can grip the surface of the road. Traction or lack thereof is influenced by a whole host of different issues, some of which you can control. Unless you know the area you are driving in well enough to avoid a particularly hazardous stretch of roadway perhaps, one that is being re-surfaced or is especially dangerous in bad weather , you cannot control environmental factors that affect traction.
However, you can manage the way you drive and maintain your vehicle, in order to maximize traction when you encounter hazardous conditions. Generally, rough or textured surfaces create good traction, while smoother surfaces lead to poor traction. These are the main factors that affect traction while driving:. The material the road surface is made from.
Most well-maintained roadways are surfaced with materials that are designed to improve traction, such as asphalt. Very rural or poorly maintained roads are often broken, uneven or paved with loose material like gravel and offer less traction as a result. The condition of the road. Studies have shown that stopping on wet asphalt takes up to 25 percent longer than stopping in dry conditions.
The condition of your tires. Like road surfaces, vehicle tires are designed to maximize traction. Badly worn or poorly inflated tires will lessen your grip on the surface of the road. Worn tires tend to have lower tread and a smoother surface than newer tires, making it easier for them to slip across the road surface. Overinflated tires also create a smoother, traction-reducing surface as the excess air they contain bloats them outward.
Underinflated tires technically increase traction but are equally dangerous, as they provide less stability for your vehicle during turns. The weight of your vehicle. The weight of your vehicle affects how much traction your tires have with the road.
This means a heavier vehicle will need greater traction to pull off or slow down than a lighter vehicle. The balance of your vehicle. An even spread of weight is ideal when it comes to maintaining traction and keeping control of your car. Various factors can cause your vehicle to become imbalanced, with more weight pushing into the front, rear or side tires. In this situation, the tires bearing less weight will have poorer traction.
When understeering occurs, the vehicle will be unresponsive to steering and may continue to travel straight forwards while you attempt to turn to the left or right. This often happens when taking a bend in the road on a slick road surface or at too high a speed.
Instead of following the curve of the road, the vehicle will continue on a straight path directly toward the roadside. Rear tire traction loss can result in oversteering.
Loss of rear wheel traction often occurs when braking while driving through a curved road. In this instance, the drop in speed would shift weight into the front tires, lessening the rear tire grip and causing your rear end to swing out in the opposite direction of the turn. Pooled water on the roadway is an obvious danger, though many drivers fail to realize how hazardous even a little moisture on the road can be. And according to the Children's Defense Fund , only 27 percent of eighth graders can read at an eighth-grade level.
The Palmetto State isn't the best in health either. In many categories, it's just the opposite. South Carolina's adult obesity rate is Only 13 states are above 30 percent. It's 47th in low infant birth weight; and 46th in overall health, up from 45th in If it wasn't for Mississippi and New Mexico, Louisiana would have had the highest percentage of residents living in poverty at nearly 20 percent.
The poor are not getting poorer, however, as that 20 percent rate has been sadly consistent over the last decade. Poverty is significantly higher, however, in New Orleans Extreme poverty occurs when your income is less than half the poverty level. On the bright side, Louisiana has seen a 4. The Crescent City's gross domestic product, though, increased by 7.
While GDP was up for a lot of cities across the country, New Orleans netted the ninth-largest increase in the land thanks to an upsurge in mining and natural resources. The good news is Tennessee's unemployment rate improved sharply between and , dropping by 1. The bad news is it has risen during to 8. One of the factors hurting the Tennessee economy is the increase in job cuts in the public sector. Regardless, a quarter of children in Tennessee are living in poverty, a third rely on food stamps, and according to "Kids Count" nearly half of pregnant women in Tennessee don't receive "adequate" prenatal care.
In , , New Mexicans The rise in poverty has hurt the state's already dismal rating for children's well-being. The Land of Enchantment was recently ranked dead last in the latest Kid's Count data book. The state switched places with Mississippi, which last year was the worst.
If you invest in education, kids' futures, you're going to build the economy. Local, state and federal government workers make up But since September , government employment has dipped about 3 percent, according to the Rocky Mountain Economist. New Mexico already has the second-highest percentage of residents below the poverty level, if the D. More than 1 in 4 children in Kentucky lived in poverty in According to the census numbers, child poverty increased from Meanwhile total poverty in the Bluegrass State rose from That has led to an increase in dependence on food stamps.
In , more than 18 percent of Kentuckians received food stamps—up from Pauperism is unknown here and the county poor househas not had an occupant for five years.
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