But in some cases non-Hodgkin lymphoma starts growing in an organ, rather than starting in a lymph node and spreading to an organ. While the cause of the initial mutation that triggers non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, a number of factors can increase your risk of developing the condition. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma isn't infectious and isn't thought to run in families, although your risk may be slightly increased if a first-degree relative such as a parent or sibling has had lymphoma.
It can occur at any age, but a third cases are diagnosed in people over 75 and the condition is slightly more common in men than women. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develops when lymphocytes a type of white blood cell mutate and grow out of control.
When this happens, the cancerous cells no longer die but continue to multiply and invade different parts of the body. Although genetics plays a central role in the development of lymphoma, no one knows for sure what causes the cells to mutate.
What scientists do know is that certain risk factors can increase your risk of lymphoma. Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean you will get lymphoma. In most cases, they can't even predict your likelihood of developing the disease.
Still, they may provide your healthcare provider with valuable clues that can lead to an early diagnosis and treatment. The key risk factors associated with lymphoma include:.
Obesity and diet may also play a part. Lymphoma is not a single disease but a group of related blood cancers with numerous types and subtypes. The two main types are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Both of these lymphomas differ not only in their disease pattern and cell types but also in many of their risk factors.
Many of these risk factors are non-modifiable, meaning that there is nothing you can do to change them. Chief among them are age, sex, and immune dysfunction. Age plays a key role in the development of lymphoma. Although lymphoma can occur at any age, including childhood, the majority are diagnosed in adults over However, unlike non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a significant number of Hodgkin lymphoma cases are diagnosed between the ages of 15 and Sex is another risk factor that places some individuals at greater risk of lymphoma than others.
While men are slightly more likely to develop lymphoma than women, there are certain types of lymphoma for which women are at greater risk. This includes nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's lymphoma the most common and treatable form of Hodgkin lymphoma as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast, thyroid, and the respiratory tract. It is believed that the hormone estrogen influences which types of lymphoma are more or less common in women. There are also variations in how women respond to certain therapies, with women generally responding better to drugs like Rituxan rituximab and Revlimid lenalidomide than men.
The immune system plays a central role in the development of lymphoma, in part by suppressing mutations in the two main types of lymphocytes called B-cells and T-cells that can lead to cancer.
As you get older, your immune response will invariably begin to weaken. This may explain why lymphoma is more common in people over 60 and why the risk continues to grow every year thereafter. But, age is not the only factor that contributes to the loss of immune function. Advanced HIV infection , characterized by the severe depletion of T-cells, is known to increase the risk of a rare form of lymphoma known as lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin lymphoma LHDL.
A similar situation is seen with organ transplant recipients who need immunosuppressant drugs to prevent organ rejection. In this group of people, there is a high risk of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, most especially hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma , Burkitt lymphoma , and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Certain autoimmune diseases are also linked to increased rates of lymphoma, although it is not entirely clear why. Another risk factor you can't change are your genetics. Although there is no single gene that "causes" lymphoma, there are some that may predispose you to the disease.
In recent years, scientists have begun to link specific genetic mutations to specific types of lymphoma. These include mutations involving oncogenes , which help cells grow and divide, and tumor suppressor genes , which tell a cell when it is time to die. If either or both of these genes mutate, cells can suddenly multiply and spread out of control without end.
This is evidenced in part by the pattern of inheritance in families. Still, family history plays a central role in the overall risk, most specifically with Hodgkin lymphoma. Research published in a edition of Blood concluded that having a first-degree relative parent or sibling with Hodgkin lymphoma increases your risk of the disease by 3-fold compared to the general population. The inheritance pattern in families with non-Hodgkin lymphoma is far less clear.
Although there is a modest familial risk, the current body of evidence suggests that the genetic mutations are more often acquired than inherited. This may be caused by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or infections or occur spontaneously with advancing age or for no apparent reason at all.
A number of infections, environmental toxins, and medical treatments have been linked to lymphoma. Scientists believe that they either trigger the disease in people genetically predisposed to lymphoma or cause the mutations themselves.
A number of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections are known to increase the risk of lymphoma. Among them:. Some studies have suggested that chemicals like benzene and certain insecticides are linked with an increased risk of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a highly contentious topic, with some studies suggesting an increased risk of lymphoma and others showing no risk at all.
A study published in Cancer Causes and Control found a close association between Hodgkin lymphoma and the use of insecticides and fungicides especially those containing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors found in products like Baygon.
Interestingly, the risk was limited to adults who used five or more insecticides, making it less clear which substances pose the greatest harm. A Canadian study published in the International Journal of Cancer similarly found that people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma had higher levels of pesticide chemicals in their blood than people without.
Chief among these were pesticides containing chlordane a chemical banned in the United States since , which reportedly increased the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by 2. Read more on Cancer Council Australia website. What is lymphoma? Find out about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of blood or haematological cancer that starts in white blood cells known as lymphocytes.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma covers multiple types of conditions that attack the immune system. Learn more about causes, diagnosis and treatments with Canteen. Read more on Canteen website. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma is an uncommon type of Hodgkin lymphoma — a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system. Read more on Rare Cancers Australia website. Read more on Cancer Australia website.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Listen What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma? Each year in Australia around people are diagnosed with lymphoma, making it the sixth most common type of cancer in the country.
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that depletes B cells from the circulation. It was originally used to treat lymphoma but is increasingly used for the Read more on Australian Prescriber website. The incidence of cancer is rising and co-ordination of care is essential. This page provides information on radiation therapy for health professionals. Read more on Radiation Oncology Targeting Cancer website. Xerosis or asteatosis is the medical term used to describe abnormally dry skin associated with flaking, scaling, redness or itching, which is caused by dehydration of the stratum corneum the horny cell layer of the epidermis.
The condition affects almost every person over the age of Read more on Ausmed Education website. Early menopause is menopause before age 45 years. The extent of damage depends on the age and pre-treatment ovarian reserve of the woman, type of drug or radiation field and cumulative dose.
Read more on Australasian Menopause Society website. Coeliac disease is a chronic autoimmune condition affecting about 1 in 70 Australians. It is characterised by an abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein that is found in wheat, rye, oats, triticale and barley. This may result in various symptoms that impair health and quality of life. Diarrhoea is when more than three loose, watery stools are passed within one day.
The stools passed by someone experiencing diarrhoea are between Type 5 and Type 7 on the Bristol Stool Chart. Diarrhoea may be either acute, lasting for up to two weeks, or chronic, lasting for over four weeks. Human immunodeficiency virus HIV is a virus that affects the immune system. A blood clot is a semisolid mass of blood components platelets, proteins and cells that clumps together in a process known as coagulation.
Harmful blood clots affect 30 Australians every year. The term chronic condition refers to a broad spectrum of chronic and complex health conditions including mental illnesses, trauma, disability and genetic disorders. Clients with chronic conditions may be more susceptible to infectious illnesses for a number of reasons. Healthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering.
There is a total of 5 error s on this form, details are below. Please enter your name Please enter your email Your email is invalid. Please check and try again Please enter recipient's email Recipient's email is invalid. Please check and try again Agree to Terms required.
Thank you for sharing our content. A message has been sent to your recipient's email address with a link to the content webpage. Your name: is required Error: This is required. Your email: is required Error: This is required Error: Not a valid value.
0コメント